The current study aims to enhance work in the field of isolating microorganisms that produce enzymes with practical uses, sustainability and food industries, by isolating and identifying lactic acid bacteria strains from different sources, some of which contain cellulose, which microorganisms depend on, primarily for their nutrition and reproduction, and which is present in the environment in which they are found, and the possibility of producing the enzyme Cellulase, which is considered one of the important enzymes in the analysis of polysaccharides (cellulose) and the production of monosaccharides and simple sugars. This study included the isolation and identification of Lactobacillus bacteria from different sources, purification, screening, identification and determination of their efficiency in producing cellulase enzymes. The results showed that fifteen isolates were obtained from various sources including soil, fruits, vegetables, pickles, dairy products and live fish entrails. Agar MRS medium with 0.5% (w/v) CaCl2 granules was used to isolate lactic acid bacteria, which were identified by phenotypic, biochemical and Gram staining tests. The optimum temperature for production is 35 °C with an enzymatic activity reached (3.425) and Specific activity (4.502), the pH value was 6 with the enzymatic activity reached (3.437) and Specific activity (4.399), the enzymatic activity was (3.419), and specific activity was (4.804), a fermentation time of 72 hours with an efficiency of (3.065) and Specific activity (4.305),the best carbon source cellulose with an efficiency of (5.44), and the best Nitrogen source wheat bran with an efficiency of (3.634) and a inoculum content of 5% with an efficiency of (3.399).

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of adding exogenous enzymes to silage on fermentative losses and profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, microbial quality, and nutrients intake and digestibility. Treatments were control (CON),addition of exo-1, 4-α,-glycosidase glucoamylase (GLU),addition of β,-glucan 4-glucanhydrolase (CEL),and GLU + CEL. CEL increased (P≤, 0. 038) gas losses and effluents production, CEL and GLU decreased (P=0. 039) DM recovery compared to control but not differ from GLU + CEL. CEL silage had higher (P≤, 0. 021) starch and crude protein and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P≤, 0. 032), while GLU had higher (P=0. 001) acid detergent fiber (ADF). CEL showed lower (P=0. 012) ethanol content and higher (P=0. 02) anaerobic bacteria counts, while GLU showed higher (P=0. 012) lactate concentration and lower (P≤, 0. 002) counts of bacteria and fungi. Lambs fed with CEL presented higher (P≤, 0. 012) digestibility coefficients for DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and NDF. Decrease on DM recovery indicates no improvements on the nutritive value of silage. On the other hand, cellulolytic enzyme positively affected animal digestion.

Introduction[1]: The fodder used in animal feed is in the form of silage, crushed and pellets. If used a a pelleted form, the animal will spend less time for eating so the activity and the maintenance requirements will be decrease. Part of the improvement in pellet diet is due to less energy consumption during feeding. In other words, the use of pellet rations reduces the energy consumed by the animal for eating and also increases the availability of vital nutrients and energy (Fluharty et al., 2017). Alfalfa is one of the forage plants that can produce more than two tons of protein per hectare per year. Pelleted alfalfa is a perfect feed for dairy cows, sheep and goats, horses, camels, rabbits and other livestock animals as it improves their performance and production (Fluharty et al., 2017).The activities of ruminal protozoa contribute significantly to the digestion of plant cell wall polymers and their absence from the rumen may have a negative effect on the extent of fiber digestion. Fiber-degrading enzymes include total cellulase activity, carboxymethylcellulase, and microcrystalline cellulase. The activity of these enzymes is in three separate parts of the rumen contents, including tiny particles (microbes attached to the rumen particle), intracellular part (cells that are freely suspended in the liquid part of the ruminal fluid) and extracellular part (enzymes in the liquid part) are measured (Agarwal et al., 2000). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alfalfa physical shape and barley grain processing on nitrogen retention, activity of enzyme cellulolytic, blood parameters and rumen microbial population in Dalagh breed fattening lambs. Materials and Methods: Thirty male lambs with an approximate age of 3.5±1.2 months with an average weight of 17 ± 1.1 kg were used. The experiment was statistically analyzed in the form of a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with two factors. The experimental variables include: physical form of forage (chopped vs. pelleted form) and barley grain processing (whole vs. grounded vs. steam flaked). The experiment was performed in the 98 days (14 days of habituation and 84 days of the main course) with 6 treatments and 5 replications. Experimental diets were equal in protein and energy content and includes: 1- Pelleted alfalfa with whole barley grain 2- Pelleted alfalfa with ground barley grain 3- Pelleted alfalfa with flaked barley grain 4- Alfalfa with whole barley grain 5-Alfalfa with ground barley grain 6 -Alfalfa with flaked barley grain. Rumen fluid was sampled on day 84 at 3 hours after feeding and blood samples were taken from the lambs in the penultimate week of the fattening period 3 hours after morning feeding from the cervical vein. Results and Discussion: Nitrogen consumption and fecal extracted nitrogen in lambs feces were significantly affected by the physical shape of the forage, which nitrogen consumption and fecal nitrogen excretion in lambs fed with pelleted alfalfa compared to chopped alfalfa were increased (P<0.05).  The processing of barley grain didn’t significant effect on apparent nitrogen balance parameters (P>0.05). The total number of rumen bacteria, lactic acid, coliform and rumen protozoa were not affected by the physical form of the forage (P >0.05). However, the number of total bacteria and rumen protozoa in lambs fed with flaked barley grain were higher than milled barley grain and also in milled barley grain were greater than whole barley grain (P<0.05). Activity of carboxymethyl cellulase and microcrystalline cellulase enzymes in intra cellular, extra cellular, solid and total rumen fluids of lambs fed pelleted alfalfa forage and flaked barley was higher than chopped alfalfa, however, there was no significant difference between treatments (P >0.05). The blood glucose of lambs was significantly higher in lambs fed by flaked barley than milled barley and in milled barley was higher than whole barley grain (P<0.05) The blood urea nitrogen of lambs was significantly lower in lambs fed by flaked barley than milled barley and in milled barley was lower than whole barley grain (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of our experiment showed that the use of pelleted alfalfa and flaked barley grain in the diet of fattening of lambs due to numerical increasing trend in digested nitrogen, statistical reducing of urea nitrogen and numerical increasing trend in total rumen bacteria and cellulase enzymes activity had the best performance of rumen, which ultimately ensures the health of livestock. For recommendation using pelleted form of forage and flaked barley grain for farmers is required more study to investigate rumen and post rumen digestion rate of nitrogen and also, the cost of processing. While the lamb performance increase compared to the cost of processing, it can be recommended to the farmer to instead of consuming alfalfa and barley grain as a traditional way, use the processed form of them to improve the efficiency of the use of nutrients and increase the performance of the animals.

Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on biosphere and one of the most important constituent in plant cell wall. Biodegradation of cellulose in soil has an important role in Carbon flow and changing fixed Carbon to CO2, and in producing stable biological products and bioenergy. In this research fungus were isolated from soil of Zanjan and Abhar, due to great potential of soil mycoflora in degradation of cellulose. Then isolates were grown in selective media containing Avicel as Carbon source and their cellulolytic activity were measured by DNS method. Among 67 samples, Aspergillus niger is the the most prevalent fungus between isolates and it has the highest activity among the isolates of Zanjan and Abhar.

Objective: Determination of the reference values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the urine of clinically healthy Iranian dromedary camels. Design: Descriptive study.Animals: Fifty clinically healthy adult camels (Camelus dromedarius).Procedure: Urine samples were collected from fifty clinically healthy adult camels in identical nutritional and manage mental conditions. Urine specimens were lyophilized and the activity of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and GGT was measured by routine colorimetric methods. Also, urinalysis and measurement of urine creatinine were performed.Statistical analysis: The data were analysed by analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Duncan's multiple range test and regression analysis.Results: LDH and GGT showed the highest and the lowest activity of urinary enzymes was related to LDH and GGT respectively. Urine pH was alkaline. The concentration of creatinine in the urine of Iranian camels was relatively high. According to urinalysis, the urine of Iranian cameh was normal. Significant positive correlations were observed between GGT activity and urine creatinim (P<0.05; r=0.26) and ALT activity and specific gravity (P<0.05; r=0.27), respectively. Conclusion: The activity of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH am GGT in the urine of Iranian camels can be used as indices for diagnosing renal disorders.

Introduction: There is a complex interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary in the human menstrual cycle. There is increasing evidence about the role of oxidative stress on female reproductive tract. Methods: The purpose of this study was to determine the activities of antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity during the menses, follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in twenty women. In addition, the relationship between the activity of antioxidant enzyme and estradiol, progesterone, LH, FSH, and testosterone were evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference between the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity during the menses, follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. We found a significant correlation between LH and FSH with the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase during the luteal phase (p<0. 05). Conclusion: Our results showed that there were not significant differences in activity of antioxidant enzymes during the menstrual cycle.

Cigarette smoke contains a considerable number of dangerous chemicals which are toxic to all parts of human body, especially to oral cavity. Human saliva is the first line of defense that encounters these toxic agents. Therefore, saliva could be thought as a non-invasive research tool to monitor alternations in biochemistry of body fluids due to toxic chemicals. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke on activity of enzymatic antioxidants of saliva including peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. In practical section, a group of 20-25 years old smoker men entered the study and their salivary antioxidants were compared with a similar group of non-smokers. Un-stimulated saliva was collected in sterile tubes and kept frozen at -70oC after being centrifuged. The activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was the measured using their specific substrates under assay conditions. The results showed that, within experimental errors, the activity of peroxidase was decreased significantly in the smoker group (P≤0.001) as compared to non-smokers. Super oxide dismutase was also less active in the saliva of smokers. It is suggested that toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke could have acted as inhibitors of mentioned enzymes in saliva of smokers. A significant decrease in saliva flow rate and pH was also observed among smokers with respect to non-smokers. Calling the important contributing role of antioxidant enzymes in the defense system of saliva opens a novel new insight into smoking habit.